American History, NOTES

[Henako]

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[Henako]

American History -Imperialism:
NOTES

Imperialism into the Great War
Imperialsim and America: always sought to expand size of nation
Wanted to establish colonies overseas

Imperialsim: the policy in which storing nations ectend thier economic, political, or military contorl over weaker territories.

Africa prime target of European expansion Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, Italy and Germany all carved up Africa for raw meterials
Ethiopia and Liberia only inepedent counties left.

"The sun never sets on the British Empire" -During Reign of Queen Victoria, 1837-1901 she bulit an empire of 1/4 of the world's people.

Japan replaced it's feudal order wuth a centralized govt. (Meji Japan)
Copied itself after Germany's govt and military.

Wanted to bloster industrialization and not be so "isolationist"
US din't want Asian Empires but did propose "open door Policy" to get a portion of China's goods.

Results in Boxer Rebellion
eventually leads to Japan wanting Imperial power

AMERICAN IMPERIALSIM
Belief of Manifiest Destiny pushed US to Pacific Ocean
3 factors fueled American Imperialsim
!.Economicly -wanted money
2.Political and Military -creating stong naval force
3.beleif in racial and cultural superiority of anglo saxtons -VERY RACISTS

Thirst for New Markets
Advances in technology made Imperialsim possible
Many inventions, more than American's can afford or use -used to trade and bring money into Us.
American exports rose to 1.5 billion by early 20th century
- a TRADE SURPLUS

Today, America is in a trade deficit, meaning we buy more than we sell to other countries.
America is $493+ trillion dollars in debt

DESIRE FOR MILITARY STRENGTH
Alfred T Mahan: president of Naval war college, RI-advocate
GREAT WHITE FLEET: needed a strong navy to defend US ship trading. 1893-1890 butil 9 destroyer ships
Nation needed re-fuleing bases, must awuire Carribean, Hawaii, and Isthmus of Panama.

SOCIAL DARWINISM and ANTI-IMPERIALSIM
Some encourage Imperialism because of anglo saxton superiority.
Social Darwinsim applied to racial supermeacy of Anglo saxtons.
US had a resposibliity to spread Chrisitianity to other civilizations.
Anit-Imperialism saw as a threat to Anglo-Saxton heritage, and on moral and practice grounds.

US TAKES HAWAII
Economically important to US
The big island is very rich farmland.
Us sugar mercahnts owned plantations that accounted for 3/4 nations fo wealth. Forein workers outnumbered natives 2 to 1

White businessmen contirl govt- by forcing king to allow wealth landowner to vote
Allowed Hawaiian sugar into US w/o tariff
1887 signed treaty allowing Us to put naval base at Peral Harbor.

MCKINLEY TARIFF Of 1890
-provoked crisis by eliminating tax free status of Hawaiian sugar
American Plantation owners urge US to annex Hawaii so they don't have to pay tax

Take queen prisoner until she descied to make a consitiution fitting to the Americans

[Henako]

+America had interst in Cuba but Spanish territor.
+Spain was once an imperial power but now only had- the Philippines, Guam, some of Africa and Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
+Wanted to but Cuba form Spain, in 1860 and add it as a slave state.
+Cuba amd Puerto Rico have strong ties to Spain
+Fought form 1868-1878 for Independence form Soainsh rule: Fail excpet gain freedom from slavery+US becomes Cuba's main market
+1884 US lifts sugar tariff from Cuba- causing production to skyrocket
+1894 US puts high tariff on sugar- ruins Cuba's economy

Second War for Independence
+Jose Matin- Cuban poet/ journalist in ecile in NYC- launched Revolution in 1895
+Dilberatley destroyed property
+Wanted to invoke US in helping them gain Independence by helping rebels
+Some US citizens want support for Spain

Threat of War Escalates
Veleriano Weyler: Spain sends this general to restore Cuba
+Moved all of rural populations fo Cuba to Concentration Camps to fight with guerrilla tactics

Yellow Journalism
+Weyler's actions fuled a nespaper war often fought with false advertising
+American Newspaper tycoons:William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Oulitzer stories for news

++Yellow Journalism: reporting that exaggerates the news to sell papers and lure new readers

De Lone Letter
+Many Americans sympathize wtih Cuban rebels
+McKinley urges diplomatic means- Spain recalled weyler mmodified camps and gave Cuba limited self goverment
++1898: MY Journal (Hearst) published secret letter from De Lone[/COLOR -letter said McKinley was weak and just wanted admiration of the crowed

USS Maine Explodes
+USS Maine in Cuba to protect American lives and Property Feb. 15 1898
+explostion sends ammunition up in flames and ship skinks
[COLOR=orange]++260 of 350 crew and American officers died
+Yellow journalists hold spain responsible
"Headline reads, "Maine was split in two by and enemy's secret infernal machine"

"Remember the Maine"
++Spain agreed to everything the United States demanded including 6 months cease fire but some still want war
+On April 11th, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for authority to use force against Spain to bring PEACE
+April 20, Us goes to war with Spain

[Henako]

FIGHTING FRENZY

• Germany begins by invading Belgium
• Germany led to Schlieffen Plan
• Plan: defeat France fast while Russia is taking a long time to mobilize army then defeat Russia
• Unable to save Belgium, British and France retreat MARNE RIVER
• France, Sept. 1914

TRENCH WARFARE

• No Man's Land- moving between two trenches
• being shot at and grenades throwing at you
• barbed wire and shells
• Over the Top- soldiers attempted to over rum enemy lines agianst machine guns and poison gas
• Battle of Somme July 1st 1916
• British lost 60,000 men the fist day
• final casualtites totaled 1.2 million
• 650,000 Germans
• 420,000 British
• 200,000 French
• Bloodshed for only a few yards of land

AMERICAN NEUTRAILTY
+America did not join the war until 1918
+America builds wepons, ships to both sides of war
+Don't care about who wins, just make a lot of money
+Socialist saw as an Imperial struggle
+Many Americnas did not want sons to go to war

[Henako]

Breaki ng Blockade

Convoy System: merchant vessels traveled in large groups w/ gaurd of circling destroyers and cruisers

Midsummer of 1917 shipping losses cut in half- put 100 subs and palnes on anti U-boat campaign

Us navy also helped lay down 230 mi. of mines across North Sea from Scotland to Norway

Fighting in Europe

Us troops and enthusiastic
Usually sent in to replace Allied casualties

American Infantrymen
nicknamed doughboys b/c of white betls wore

Pershing insisted that Americans fight a s seperate army- :old glory flying over hear"

Help turn tides of war: Germans rushing towards Paris and helped stop (Russia now out of war)

Alvin York
Red headed mountaineers and blacksmith form Tenessee

Conscientious Objector: person who opposes warfare on moral grounds

Killed 25 germans and captured 132 POWs with help of 6 others

Promoted to sergent and became celebrity

[Henako]

1920s

America Struggles with postwar issues

+Desire to return to Normalcy -Warren G. Harding
+Renewed Isolationism- US pulls away form involvent in world affairs
+Resurgence of Nativism or suspicion of people who are foriegn born
+Trend toward political conservatism- turning away formgovermental activism of the Progressive Era
+Now there is a threat of Communism

Russian Revolution
+1917 conditions of Russoa wee so desperate -Czar Nichoals abdicated to throne
+His reign weakened by war or ignored orders -loss of life and resourced- soldiers mutinied dsereted or ignoreed orders -Czar abdicated March 15, 1917

RED SCARE
+There was an international meeting held in Moscow in 1919 called to Comm. Everywhere- 70,000 Americans joined
+Less than 1/10 of 1% joined but US public frigtened of the "Reds"
+Communits talk of abolishibng private property and govt. owned RR and factories
+attourney general A. Mitchell Palmer took action ot end REd SCARE

Plamer Raids
+1919 appt J. Edgar Hoover to new antisocial division of justice department- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
+Sent govt. agents hunt to suspected Communists Socials and anarchists or thoes opposed goverment
+Agents ran over people's civil rights no search warrents, jailed people w/o laywers and arrested thoes who visited suspects

The KKK rises again
+RED SCARE and anti-immigrant feeling led to organizations based on hat and bigotry
+The "Revived" Klan was devoted to 100% Americanism, and had 4.5 million members
+White male, native born gentle citizen,s, destryed saloons, oposed unions
+ Keep blacks in their place and wanted to drive out Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign born
+Dressed in hooded robes, had secret language and rituals
+Grand Wizard-the leader
+Feared job competion and change, thought their morals were being attacked and came out in racial violence
+Lynching and burning crosses